Carotid Arteries

Phil 235 Paternalism Essay Free Essays

string(120) " neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician\." Paternalism in the Medical Profession Philosophy 235 EC: Biomedical Ethics â€Å"The only appropriate and realistic model of the Dr.? patient relationship is paternalism. Doctors are the medical experts; most patients have little, if any, reliable medical knowledge; implicit trust in one’s physician is essential to the healing process; and doctors have the responsibility for our health and therefore have the duty to make all the important medical decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil 235 Paternalism Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Critically assess that claim. The issue of doctor patient relationships has become more and more prevalent in our world today. It is hard to draw a clear line in deciding what the appropriate roles are of both the patient and the medical professional. The claim that the paternalistic model is the appropriate and most realistic model will be argued in this paper. This model states that the doctor is the one in complete control, making all decisions on behalf of the patient, and the patient grants the doctor this responsibility, obeying any orders. In this model, patients act as children, who are ignorant and unknowledgeable, and doctors act as parents, not only guiding the child in the right direction, but also, actually telling them what to do. Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? This model will be argued in this paper in order to critically assess whether it should be dominant in our present society. â€Å"The traditional view held by physicians themselves was that the physician is the captain of the ship, and that the patient has to follow orders. † This view has only been strongly believed since the 19th and 20th century, when medical professionals were granted almost complete control over all decision making by their patients. Before that time, going to see a doctor was perceived as a last resort, and many would ignore their doctor’s advice altogether. Over time, this view has shifted and society began to believe that physicians â€Å"knew best, and therefore had not only the right but also the duty to make the decision. † Today, less and less citizens are continuing to agree with this point of view, and instead other doctor patient relationship models have emerged and been identified by Robert Veatch: the engineering model, the priestly model, the collegial, and the contractual model. The three alternative models to the priestly (paternalistic) model have emerged from a more contemporary perspective. The engineering model states that the relationship between the two parties would be nothing more than the doctor simply presenting the patient with the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Any decision as to which route to take is left entirely up to the patient. As the textbook explains, the doctor is nothing more than an â€Å"applied scientist†, or a â€Å"plumber without any moral integrity†, since ethics and values do not come into play in this relationship. Although I do not entirely agree with this model, the responsibility is lifted off of the physician, and the patient is given freedom to decide. This would follow the argument of self-determination, as said by Dr. Ornstein. This is the belief that all people who are competent should be the ones in control of determining their own fate. Society has not always believed or relied on medical professionals. In fact â€Å"until well into the nineteenth century, the physician was seen as a figure of last resort. † They were deemed useless and even harmful. With this in mind, I wonder why in our day and age, we would rely even more on physicians than we did in the past? Today, we have the privilege of finding out almost anything we need to know within minutes via the Internet, and that is why sometimes, it is the patient that knows more than his own doctor. It is important that patients assume some level of responsibility for their own health, instead of relying on doctors, and the engineering model would display that type of behavior. That is another reason why I oppose the claim that paternalism is the ideal relationship between doctor and patient. Another alternative model identified by Robert Veatch, is the collegial model. This theory emphasizes that both parties are connected through common goals and interests, and that each acts as an independent equal. This model would suggest that the parties work together, and therefore the responsibility is divided equally amongst the patient and physician. There is collaboration here, engaging in activities, which are satisfying to both, and demonstrating an adult-adult relationship, because no one party has greater control over the other. This model goes hand in hand with the partnership model, which expresses that health care professionals and their patients act as partners or colleagues in the pursuit of the shared value of health. There is mutual participation in this model, which demonstrates that, unlike the paternalistic model, the patient can help come to a medical decision. This model stresses, â€Å"the patient uses expert help to realize his ends. † This expert help can come in many forms, and as I have previously mentioned, today society is exposed to numerous modes of gathering any type of information that is of interest. It is of course obvious that the physician has a stronger medical background and is more competent in that field, but that does not diminish the participation or contribution of the patient. With that being said, it is my opinion that the paternalistic model has clearly outgrown our culture, when there are models such as the partnership or collegial model, which are more in sync with our world today. Finally, the third alternative to the paternalistic model is the contractual model. This model is similar to paternalism, in that it questions the assumptions of equality, however it differs in that there is a â€Å"contract† between both parties, leaving each with their own dignity and moral authority. What is crucial about this model is that it does not neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician. You read "Phil 235 Paternalism Essay" in category "Essay examples" Instead of focusing on that discrepancy, the model concentrates on the agreement between the two parties to exchange goods and services and the enforcement of that by government sanctions. In other words, this model compromises between partnership and the reality of medical care, and according to Veatch, is the only realistic way to share all responsibility, while protecting various parties in health care. For example, both parties are freely entering this contract, and therefore are both given the right to leave it, given proper notice. However, while partaking in the contract, there are duties and obligations of each, which may neglect virtues of benevolence, care and compassion, which we do see stressed in other models. Leaving aside the three alternatives to the paternalistic model, there are several other arguments, which come to surface, when critically assessing the above-mentioned claim. The first is that doctors must act like parents because patients know much less than doctors do. This emphasizes the idea that the doctor patient relationship should be one of paternalism. This argument takes into account two different prototypes. The first is the parent-infant relationship, where the parent is the doctor, taking on an active role and the infant is the patient, taking on a passive role. In this case the patient is extremely dependent on the medical professional. The second is the parent-adolescent child relationship, where the physician guides the patient in the right direction, and the patient co-operates to the degree of obeying. Both suggest that the patient has no responsibility, and that the duty and obligation of all decisions rest on the shoulders of the physician. This proposes that patients are ignorant and unknowledgeable and given the opportunity to make their own decision, they would not be able to. It is likely that doctors know more than the average member of society, however, this is not to say that they are infallible, mistakes can happen. As Professor Ornstein has stated, we cannot choose our fathers, but we can choose our doctors, and in my opinion there is no connection where the two should be related. If a patient feels they should seek out a second, third or fourth opinion, that is their own right. Unlike the ability to seek out a second, third or fourth father. We do not have this option. It is possible and even probable that doctors will differ in their views, and each may guide their patient down a different path. Although a relationship between a physician and a patient should be based on a degree of trust and loyalty, if there is any sort of uncertainty, patients should not feel the pressure of following a path they do not believe in. Getting another opinion is not disloyal or disrespectful; it is a patient’s right. Additionally, today more patients recognize that it is unfair for doctors to take complete responsibility for our welfare, as we are exposed to so much free medical information. It is my opinion that it is the patient’s duty to also act responsible for his or her own welfare. Another argument that I have come across to oppose this claim is that doctors may be experts in medical matters but there may be other factors to take into account, such as ethical issues, when making a decision. Each doctor has taken an oath, to save lives. This is their main concern, and their main goal for each patient. One must wonder, whether or not this is always ethical. As Professor Ornstein has suggested, do we save someone who as a result must live the rest of his or her life in agonizing pain? Or do we relieve them of that pain, and simply allow them to pass away? This is an ethical issue where many doctors may have opposing points of view, and may decide that their job would be to save the patient. That would be a paternalistic instinct however; medical decisions should not be purely medical all the time. There are always other factors to consider such as the medical conditions of the patient, their preferences, the quality of life and the socio economic conditions. Each, of course, is given a weight dependent on the specifics and circumstances of the case. In the case of a patient who is experiencing excruciating pain, the doctor may come to the conclusion that the best option would be to remedy that pain with medication. It is important to note, that this paternalistic act is ignoring all ethical issues and only taking medicine into account. Opposing this notion would be to consider how this medication might cloud the patient’s judgment, or recognizing the patient’s preferences prior to formulating a medical decision. Doctors might be experts in medical matters, but the other factors, which are necessary to take into consideration, deem the paternalistic view inadequate. A final argument against the paternalistic view is that physician-patient interactions are negotiations. Viewing the interactions as negotiations, is in itself opposing paternalism because the patient is given some level of autonomy to take part in the decision making process. The goal is to reach a mutual agreement. In order to do so, there are certain steps that must be followed. Firstly, the negotiation should involve adequate disclosures by both parties. This is necessary, so that values and objectives are clear, and a fair negotiation can take place. Secondly, the negotiation should be voluntary, meaning uncoerced. Neither party should feel threatened while entering into the negotiation process. And finally, the solution should be one of mutual acceptance. Of course there are occasions where negotiation is not possible, and that would be for example in the case of an emergency, when the physician needs to save the patient without negotiating beforehand. In that case, the medical professional may act in a paternalistic way, however if there is a competent patient, negotiation is possible and can often be characterized in terms of any of the above-mentioned models (parent-child, friends, partners, etc. ). The aspect that the relationship is seen as a negotiation counters the paternalistic view, in that the patient is given choice. If the patient chooses to give up his autonomy, and lay his destiny in the hands of his physician, that is his preference, unlike the paternalistic model, where that is not a choice, but the only way. The paternalistic model is not the only realistic relationship between doctor and patient. â€Å"As a normative model, paternalism tends to concentrate on care rather than respect, patients’ needs rather than their rights, and physicians’ discretion rather than patients’ autonomy or self determination. As I have mentioned previously, there are many other factors that must always be taken into consideration when dealing with a patient. Autonomy, self-determination, and respect, are surely incredibly important when dealing with a patient, and paternalism ignores those factors. The above-mentioned arguments, and alternative relationship model s, clearly oppose the claim that paternalism is the only appropriate relationship. As I had asked the questions: Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? I believe the answer to both questions is quite clear, that the responsibility should be shared, and the patient, if capable, should take part in the decision making process. That being said, paternalism is not the most appropriate model and no one relationship trumps another. Instead, all must be taken into account depending on circumstance. How to cite Phil 235 Paternalism Essay, Essay examples

Identify And Discuss The Elements Of Romanticism As Given Expression I Essay Example For Students

Identify And Discuss The Elements Of Romanticism As Given Expression I Essay n John Keats poem Lamia and William Wordsworths excerpt from The Excursion. The term romanticism is used to describe the aesthetic movement during the period from about 1776-1834. It was a revolutionary movement because it focused on ideals which in stark contrast to the Classical movement, The Enlightenment, which preceded it. More importantly however is the fact that it reflected the social climate of the period which with the development of the French Revolution was in itself revolutionary. Rationalism, empiricism, materialism and mechanism were the central were the central philosophies of The Enlightenment and was therefore a period in literature that focused on the precision of the form and content of the piece rather than its inspiration (******). In contrast, Romanticism brought the attention back to the individual. The era of reason was replaced with a new passion for mystery and the supernatural, freedom of thought and expression, an idealisation and pantheistic belief in nature, and the affirmation of the creative (and divine) powers of the imagination. Truth could be arrived at through imagination and emotional faculties rather than reason.(Kitson, 1996). Romanticism can therefore be viewed as a reaction of emotion against reason, nature against artificiality, simplicity against complexity, faith against skepticism (lecture 10/3/00). Rene Wellek beautifully and succinctly describes the spirit of Romanticism in his assertion, Imagination for the view of poetry, nature for the view of the world, and the symbol and myth for poetic style (lectures, 2000). The catchcry for the period therefore shifted from I think therefore I am (Descartes) to I imagine therefore I am human. The value placed upon expression of these notions in the works of those such as John Keats and William Wordworth, effectively marked their poetic contributions as part of the voice of the Romantic movement.

Analysis of Dust of Snow

Robert Frost is a renowned poet who tries to change people’s mindsets through his numerous works of poetry. His poem ‘Dust of snow ‘ is brief but conveys the poet’s message coherently. The poem shows how human judgment on specific issues can be misleading. There are certain animals, things or objects that people associate with negativity and doom. People overlook these people, animals or plants when in search of help. They only proceed to tested reliable sources. The poet tries to alter this mindset through the poem (Braun 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of ‘Dust of Snow’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The poet depicts the crow and the hemlock tree as reasons for his changed mood and increased optimism. In our world, a crow is a bird widely detested. For some societies, a group of crows is associated with looming murder. A crow benefits from other living thing s misfortunes. Being a scavenger, it waits for other stronger creatures such as the vultures to rip open the carcasses only for it to consume the soft tissues. Moreover, its color is relatively black with a few patches of white for some species. The black completion implies doom while the white spots could mean the possibility of something good to be associated with the cruel bird. The hemlock tree, on the other hand, is a poisonous tree. Its consumption could lead to health complications for anyone. Due to this, the tree is avoided and considered useless. However, in the poem, the very bird we hate shakes up the poisonous tree causing snow to fall on the poet. The result is a changed individual who looks at life with a new mindset. The crow is the last bird we would expect to initiate any positive deed. In this case, it is the precise source of positive transformation (Gregory 1). There exist different species of crows with various physical attributes in the world. However, they al l portray the same negative characteristics. This is symbolic of the people, locations, things, and animals that are deeply ostracized. Just as the different crows, they are all typical representatives of doom in our lives. The poet is possibly advocating for the need to perceive them with a positive state of mind. We could as well be misjudging them and in the process miss out on the positive influences they could have in our lives. Besides, snowdrops on the poet since he is positioned under the hemlock tree. His position symbolizes people’s need to take risks in trusting those they mistrust. Evidence of past dangerous tendencies does not necessarily justify future danger. Though written in straightforward language with no similes or adjectives, the poem conveys its message through imagery. In the process, of reading the poem, images of someone in a melancholic mood walking in a snowy landscape are created in our mind. The poem achieves this by use of familiarity and contras t.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every reader can associate with a snowy landscape and a crow on a tree. Each reader can, therefore, perceive a black crow perched on a tree in a contrasting white snowy surrounding. The contrast could be representative of the poet’s varied moods (Gregory 1). Robert Frost’s poetry is characterized by a traditional form of verse, themes of the natural landscape, human experiences, human limitations, and travel. ‘Dust of Snow’ follows the same line of thought. The language in which it is written is simple and easy to comprehend. Some scholars refer to it as a beautiful, refined language. It avoids the use of poetic styles such as metaphors, rhyme, and refrains and only utilizes indirect imagery to convey its message. This is characteristic of traditional verse that enables it to reach a broader audience. The setting of the poem is in a snowy landscape with a tree and a bird perched on it. These emulate other poetic works by the poet that have a natural setting. The use a crow and a hemlock tree, true characters in nature, depict the occurrences over which we have minimal control. The poet possibly prefers using nature since it is something that affects each and everyone’s life. Consequently, a larger audience is touched (Gregory 1). The poem is also based on human experiences. It denotes a traveler who passes below a hemlock tree. The melancholic mood before could be associated with adverse experiences the traveler has had in his past life. The new encounter with the crow on the tree alters his mood positively. Human experiences are things that every reader can associate with. At one time or the other, human beings go through sad moments and happy moments. The poet exploits this knowledge to provide situations that we can identify with and thus effectively act on the message passed. More over, most of his works majorly involve traveling. This poem is not different in this aspect. The speaker must have been traveling in the snowy landscape when the experience described occurred. Having had all the above attributes, ‘Dust of snow’ conveys the message of misjudgment successfully. In due course, it remains representative of Robert Frost’s works.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of ‘Dust of Snow’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Braun, Lynda. In Depth Interpretation of Robert Frost’s Classic Poem, Dust of Snow. Yahoo! Contributor, 10 Mar. 2009. Web. Gregory, Elizabeth. Imagery in Frost’s Dust Snow. Poetry suite101, 14 Oct. 2007. Web. This essay on Analysis of ‘Dust of Snow’ was written and submitted by user Jed1d1ah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

New York State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts

New York State Unit Study - Geography, State Symbols Facts These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the New York State Outline Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the following questions on lined paper in complete sentences. State Capital What is the capital?Virtual Tour of the State CapitolState Flag What is Justice holding and what do they represent?Flag Quiz/PrintoutState Flower When was the state flower officially adopted?State Fruit When was the state fruit adopted?State Bird When do these birds return north?State Animal What is the state animal?State Fish Where are these fish found?State Insect How does this insect help gardeners?State Fossil What crab is this fossil related to?State Shell How do these scallops swim?State Tree When was the state tree adopted?State Gem What color is this gem?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Seal When was the current seal created?State Motto What is the state motto and what does it mean?State Muffin Make this state muffin and enjoy with the state beverage!State Beverage What is the state beverage? New York Printable Pages - Learn more about New York with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. Fun in the Kitchen - The official muffin of New York State, the Apple Muffin, was created by elementary school children in North Syracuse, New York. Try their official recipe. Presidents born in New York: Theodore RooseveltFranklin Delano Roosevelt History - Learn about the history of New York. Big Apple Factoids - A New York Matching Game - be sure to read the facts after you find the match! New York Underground - New Yorkers go about unaware of what is happening just beneath their feet: Power pulses, information flies, and steam flows. Go on this virtual field trip underground! Niagara: The Story of the Falls - Take a journey down the perilous Niagara River, play the daredevil trivia adventure, explore the timeline of falls firsts, and discover surprising stories in snapshots of the falls. Empire State Building - Find fun facts, go on a photo tour, and play some games. The Chrysler Building - Pictures of this New York City skyscraper. Word Search - Find the hidden New York related words. Coloring Book - Print and color these pictures of the New York state symbols. Fun Facts - What is the states longest river? Read these fun New York facts and find out. Capitol Minutes - Short audio presentation of historical and educational interest. Buck Mountain - Take a virtual hike up Buck Mountain. Crossword Puzzle - Can you solve the crossword puzzle? Word Find - Find the hidden New York State Regions. Word Scramble - Can you unscramble these New York State symbols? Odd New York Law: It used to be illegal to ring the doorbell and disturb the occupant of a house.

Office Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Office Information System - Essay Example Management information system is indispensable for an effective management of an organization as it enhances the mode of communication among the workers, distributes work materials throughout the organization, maintains the aggregated information for process and future reference, improves the cost-effectiveness by replacing the time consuming manual activities, and others. Altogether management information system provides the right direction for an organization to achieve its strategic goals (Laudon & Laudon, 2006). The office is the most imperative part of a business organization as it deals with fundamental operations of the business like preparing documents, maintaining the accounts and payroll details, performing complex computations, responding to the service request, dealing with complaints, verification of details, planning and scheduling various business activities and many more. This office maintains the entire state of a business. For a successful business organization, an enhanced office environment facilitated with excellent communication functionalities among its employees is very important which is in turn capable of improving their productivity. Here is where office information system renders a major helping hand. Office information system includes a wide variety of computer hardware and software architectures forming a network to accomplish the routine tasks and goals of a business organization. It facilitates in generating all types of documents with the help of text processors, stores those documents and retrieves them whenever needed with the help of electronic document management systems, disseminates messages and intimations to the employees with the help of electronic message communication systems and schedules timely interaction between the various hierarchical levels of the business organization.

SIM335 Managing Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SIM335 Managing Projects - Essay Example The direct relationship between the activities was found where ‘Finish to Start’ approach was adopted as per the requirements mentioned before the diagram was to be designed. Determining the total float on the other end means the total amount of time for which the task can be delayed and which does not negatively affect the project whatsoever the conditions are. The formula for the total float is given as follows: Total Float = Late Start – Early Start This means that subtracting the time of the activity which was recorded in case of the early start as well as the late start will provide us the total float that can be recorded in the activities undergoing, but that will not affect the process in negative way. Question 3: The duration of the project as well as the critical path are related to each other in an important sense, i.e. the shortest duration of time that is needed to finish all activities in a task to enhance the efficiency scale. According to the networ k diagram given above, the shortest duration of the project will be 72 days, and therefore that will be defining the critical path. The critical path of the diagram will not be an easy task as the whole task is based on the ES and EF basis except two points, i.e. end of activity 2 and end of activity 8. The critical path will follow the track from A > F > G > H > I > K > L > M > N > O > P > Q. Question 4: The critical path shows it will take 72 days for the task to complete, and that is shortest possible time in which a process can complete. Now if the project will start on 16th January, 2012, on Monday, then it will take 14 weeks and 2 days in the completion of the project. Calculating weeks from the starting date, the project must end on the second day, i.e. Tuesday of the 15th week after the project has started on 16th January. The second day of 15th week becomes Tuesday 1st May, 2012. This will be the earliest date when the project will be completed. Question 5: If activity B de lays for 2 days then that will not make any change in to the final duration of the project, as activity B and F are going on the same time period, rather activity F is going on for 4 more days than the activity B and also activity F is included in the critical path and therefore there will not be any effect on the duration of the project. The delay of 2 days in activity P will straightaway affect the whole duration of the project because it is directly dependent as well as independent activity and any change in duration of this activity will change the duration of the whole project. Therefore, this will result in the delay of 2 days in the duration of project and now it will take total 74 days to complete the project, and it will now finish on Thursday 3 May, 2012. The delay in activity O of 1 day will also follow the same case as was happened in activity P case, but with 1 day delay in the project completion. Therefore the project will now be over on 2nd May, 2012 on Wednesday. Que stion 6: The main limitations in the network diagram are as follows: The toolbar cannot help the elements to be created through the use of dragging and dropping. It is not possible to transfer the elements to the work management view from the