Memorandum Management and Law

Question: Depict about the Memorandum for Management and Law. Answer: Realities of the case In the accompanying case BC is an organization which is producing vehicles. The organization builds up a self-driving vehicle called the T2016 model that can drive itself utilizing Self-Drive innovation planned in-house by the organization's specialists. The organization demands to every one of its clients who need to buy the vehicle that they need to sign an agreement that incorporate ensuing provisions.- You should consistently keep your eyes out and about, your hands on the directing haggle arranged to assume control over Oneself Drive mode in spite of it being actuated whenever. In case of any case for break of agreement, the companys obligation for remuneration won't surpass $5,000. Tom plays in the interest of the Australian Olympic paddling group and he bought the vehicle for $20,000. Furthermore, in and in his flurry to drive his new vehicle, he marked the contact without perusing .The organization sales rep Jill attempted to clarify him all the provisions of the buy contract yet Tom anyway was not intrigued by what she needed to state and rather he continued to take conveyance of his new vehicle. One day he initiated Oneself Drive mode while voyaging, he was exceptionally worn out on that day and he nodded off on the driver's seat and the car met with a hardship. It was recognized by BC a short time later that Oneself Drive mode on that demanding vehicle was imperfect because of the carelessness of one of its architects he neglected to check the wiring of that specific vehicle. Because of slack cabling, oneself drive mode was incidentally impaired and his vehicle collided with a discard. Sadly for Tom, he continued leg and arm wounds from the mishap that would forestall him fromcompetitive game for a mind-blowing remainder. Tom is clearly exceptionally vexed and he sues the organization for contact break (Engineers Australias national congress endorsed another code, 2016). Answers and conversations Customers are the most critical and valuable property for any business association. Organization ought to give and gracefully the products and enterprises which are of top-quality, to the customers at sane rates. No promotion which is phony, lying anddeceptive ought to be introduced before customer.Proper game plans ought to be there to deal with client complaints and solicitations. There ought to be a Commitment to give high-class merchandise and the merchandise and items ought to be fitted for the necessary purposes. Client care post-deals, administrations , the expense ought to be fitting and it ought to be according to measures which ought not do not have the nature of the item or administration. The guarantees finished with the Customers ought not be phony. The organization should Repair, supplant, the item not living up to their Customer desires. The organization ought to consistently Respect the clients time. Organization ought not keep their clients pausing. The organization ought not overlook that there are various alternatives accessible in the market Companys misfortune are somebody elses gain (Management Study Guide, (N.A). The organization ought to have after deals administration and it is important and guarantees long haul development and benefits for the association. The organization ought to consistently be in contact with the customers resulting to the arrangement likewise as on the grounds that we wish to make due in this merciless rivalry. We ought not overlook the calls when once we have sold the item. In the event that the client isn't satisfied with the companys item, at that point it is the obligation of the organization to supplant it or give an answer for it. Clients criticisms ought to be taken which causes our organization to comprehend the fulfillment level of our clients and how we could can improve the item in future (NCAT NSW common and authoritative council, 2016). The organization should test the item before it is offered to the client .So that in future comparative time of cases won't happen. At the point when any car is sold by the organization it ought to be roadworthy at the hour of arrangement. A Safety Inspection Report is given to the client, otherwise called formal notice, and it expresses that the methods for transportation is roadworthy. So the organization ought to likewise give formal notice to its clients (Legal and western Australia, N.A). The organization ought to join to the vehicle a notification containing the genuine specifics of the vehicle. Since according to engine sellers act 1974, it requires a vendor who offers or shows available to be purchased an engine vehicle, to append to the vehicle a notification containing the genuine points of interest of the vehicle ( NCAT NSW common and managerial council, 2016). End Organization needs to take numerous extra activities with the goal that the offer of the organization improves. The premier obligation is that shopper is fulfilled so the organization should take further and more activities for buyer fulfillment. References Expressions Law Center of Australia, (2016) Contracts: Getting it right, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.artslaw.com.au/data sheets/information sheet/gets a presentation/ Cuny School of Law, Drafting a Law Office Memorandum, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.law.cuny.edu/legitimate composition/understudies/update/reminder 3.html Legitimate and western Australia, (N.A) Motor vehicle mishaps, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.legalaid.wa.gov.au/InformationAboutTheLaw/CarsandDriving/mishaps/Pages/GeneralInformation.aspx The executives Study Guide, (N.A), Social Responsibilities of Organization towards Customers got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.managementstudyguide.com/social-duties of-association towards-customers.htm NCAT NSW common and managerial court, (2016) Motor vehicles contextual analyses, got to on 16 August 2016 from https://www.ncat.nsw.gov.au/Pages/cc/Divisions/Motor_vehicles/Case_studies.page. Smallbiz-assets, (2016) what are the Rights and Responsibilities of Businesses? , Accessed on 16 August 2016 from https://smallbiz-resources.com/what-are-the-rights-and-duties of-organizations/

#WCEU 2018 Comics w/ ThemeIsle ... Volunteer Roles, After Party, Speaker Sessions

Hello folks! As you likely definitely know, ThemeIsle will go to WordCamp Europe 2018 as a media accomplice (we referenced it on a few events in our posts). The street so far has a great time; we needed to change our plan a piece and engage in helping the coordinators with the advancement of the occasion, both via web-based networking media and here, on the blog.After doing intriguing meetings with individuals from the sorting out group, joyousâ roundups with submitted WordCamp-ers, and even an infographic contrasting all the WCEU releases (from firstâ to current), this time around we have jokes for you! Delineated jokes, that is, made by Christian Mirra.Weve been trying different things with funnies for nine months now on our other blog, CodeinWP, and delighted in it for sure. So why not attempt it again here?We love chipping in at WordCamps so much, which is really the motivation behind why we made a three-board funny cartoon just about volunteer jobs. An indication to the author ity after gathering and a reference to the speakerâ sessions will be the two stories that will supplement the entire picture. Volunteer RolesIf youve joined the volunteer crew, make a point to check your set of working responsibilities and timetable before beginning your shifts.Go to topWatching two introductions at onceHave you at any point figured out how to go to all the meetings in an occasion? Likely not. As per the timetable, numerous extraordinary introductions will beâ happening simultaneously again this year. Likewise, a few workshops were added to the motivation, as well. So considerably more occasions will overlap. Go to topParty like film charactersWondering why Han Solo and his companions confused the WCEU after gathering with their own? Since a retro-cutting edge gatheringâ does sound like something that would be sorted out by your preferred Star Wars characters.And in light of the fact that aint no gathering like a #WCEU after gathering, of course. Go to top Th at is all, individual WordCamp-ers! In the event that you like our exceptional release of these WCEU funnies, give us some affection by means of the remarks area and internet based life, so others can grin as well.By the way, have you figured out how to set your needs yet? Since loads of marvelous exercises will occur during these three days. Anyway, on the off chance that our plans impact, we will meet there. 🙂So, top off with eagerness and espresso in light of the fact that WordCamp Europe is going to begin in just a couple of days. Our group will be there chipping in, doing live meetings in the Media Room, going to workshops, helping WordPress develop during Contributors Day, and staying aware of all the parties.But that is simply us. What are your arrangements for Belgrade? #WCEU 2018 #comics w/ThemeIsle ... volunteer jobs, after gathering, speaker meetings

Metoidioplasty vs. Phalloplasty

Metoidioplasty vs. Phalloplasty Relationships LGBTQ Print How Metoidioplasty Gender Affirming Surgery Works The Difference Between a Metoidioplasty and a Phalloplasty By Elizabeth Boskey, PhD facebook twitter linkedin Elizabeth Boskey, PhD, MPH, CHES, is a social worker, adjunct lecturer, and expert writer in the field of sexually transmitted diseases. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Boskey, PhD Updated on December 11, 2018 Oleksandra Korobova / Moment / Getty Images More in Relationships LGBTQ Spouses & Partners Violence and Abuse There are several types of gender affirming surgeries that are available to transgender men who want to undergo genital surgery, sometimes also known as bottom surgery. The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that approximately 50 percent of men wanted or had undergone such surgery. Approximately half of those men were interested in a phalloplasty, the surgical creation of a penis using tissue from elsewhere on the body. The other half were interested in a metoidioplasty. How Metoidioplasty Works Metoidioplasty is the creation of a phallus (penis) from the hormonally-enlarged clitoris. The clitoris naturally enlarges when a man begins to take testosterone. A minimum of a year on testosterone is a requirement for all transmasculine genital surgeries. During a metoidioplasty, the clitoral ligaments are detached, which allows the clitoris to lengthen and drop into a position more similar to a natal phallus. On average, the created phallus is between 5 and 7 cm long, which may or not be sufficient to penetrate a partner sexually. (Depending on the man, this is not always a concern.)   A plastic surgeon then sculpts  the head of the clitoris to more closely resemble the glans penis. At the same time, the labia can be reshaped into a scrotum, with or without testicular prostheses. Metoidioplasty can be done either with or without urethral lengthening procedures. Urethral lengthening extends the urethra along the new phallus. Then, men are able to pee from their phallus. Being able to stand to pee is a major reason that men choose to undergo genital surgery. However, urethral lengthening does increase the risk of surgical complications. These complications are usually minor and can include dribbling or spraying during urination. They may also include urinary blockages or fistula. Metoidioplasty is usually considered to be a single-stage surgery. However, some men may require additional surgeries in order to achieve their desired results. Additional  surgeries may address either appearance or function. Metoidioplasty vs. Phalloplasty There are advantages and disadvantages to both metoidioplasty and phalloplasty. Therefore, its important for men to discuss their interests and priorities with their surgeon during the early consultation phase. Most men who choose metoidioplasty are quite happy with the outcome of their surgery. However, depending on surgical goals, as well as body composition and structure, it is not always the best choice. Some advantages of metoidioplasty over phalloplasty include: Shorter healing timeMore affordable surgeryLower complication rates, even with urethroplastyNo large scars that may be considered disfiguring or stigmatizing. (The scars left by the most common phalloplasty technique are both large and very recognizable to anyone who knows what to look for. For some men, that is not an issue. For others, it may be extremely uncomfortable.)The phallus created by metoidioplasty has natural erectile function, and there is no need for a penile prosthesis.Erotic sensitivity of the clitoris is maintained in the phallus. Some advantages of phalloplasty over metoidioplasty include: Patients are more likely to be able to sexually penetrate their partners if this is something of interest to them.The phallus is significantly larger than the one created through metoidioplasty.Some men feel that this surgery creates more natural looking genitalia. Choosing Phalloplasty After Metoidioplasty For men who initially choose metoidioplasty, it is possible to later undergo a phalloplasty. This is true regardless of whether the man chooses to have a urethral lengthening at the time of the procedure.   The reverse is not true. The procedure for embedding the clitoris in the penis during phalloplasty makes a later metoidioplasty impossible. Associated Abdominal and Genital Surgeries Transgender men seeking bottom surgery may also choose to undergo one or more associated surgeries.  Men who do not have any interest in carrying a pregnancy may choose to have a hysterectomy and ovariectomy. These procedures are abdominal surgeries used to remove the uterus and ovaries. For men who might want to have their own biological children but would find pregnancy dysphoric, gamete banking is an option. This needs to be done prior to ovariectomy and hysterectomy. Ideally, it should also be done before starting testosterone therapy, but that is not a requirement. Hysterectomy and ovariectomy are also options for individuals who do not want a phalloplasty or metoidioplasty but also do not want to worry about the possibility of cervical, uterine, or ovarian cancers later in life. Removing the uterus, cervix, and ovaries also removes the need for screening. Such screening can be very dysphoric for transgender men. Vaginectomy is the surgical removal of the vagina. Some surgeons who offer phalloplasty and/or metoidioplasty will offer this surgery as part of a single-stage reconstruction. Others prefer patients to have a vaginectomy in advance if that is something the patient wants. Of note,  some surgeons who perform transmasculine bottom surgeries do not offer vaginectomies and advise against them because of concerns about complications. The research literature is unclear about the risks of vaginectomies in transgender men. The outcome of such procedures is likely very closely related to the skills and experience of the surgeon. Outside the context of gender-affirming surgery, this procedure is primarily used to treat certain types of gynecologic cancer. As such, some plastic surgeons may refer patients interested in vaginectomy to a surgical gynecologist. What additional surgeries men choose  are a matter of both individual preference and the choice of surgeon.  For example, a surgeon who uses the vaginal lining to create the urethra in a phalloplasty will probably need the patient to undergo a vaginectomy either prior to or at the time of that surgery. On the other hand, a transgender man who wants to maintain the option to carry a pregnancy would not want to undergo any of these additional procedures. A Word From Verywell Decisions about whether or not to undergo gender-affirming surgeries are a personal choice. That includes both whether you want surgery and which procedures may be right for you. It can be helpful to discuss your goals and concerns for surgery with someone who is knowledgeable about the risks and benefits of the various options. This could include not just the surgeon but your therapist, and/or friends who have gone through a similar decision-making process. However, remember that different people have different motivations. The choices that make sense for a close friend may be different from the ones that make sense for you. In addition, the procedures offered by a particular surgeon may not be the ones you want. If that is the case, consider seeking out other options. They may not be the best doctor for you. Its never a bad idea to consider a second opinion, although getting one is not always a practical option. There are many areas of the country with no surgeons, or only one surgeon, performing these procedures.  Some of the big-name surgeons do offer phone or Skype consultations but be aware that you may have to pay out of pocket. The cost may not be reimbursable, and you may need to demonstrate your surgical eligibility  before they will discuss your case. Eligibility guidelines for genital surgeries generally include documentation of gender dysphoria, a minimum of 12 months on hormone therapy, and at least a year of living full time in the gender role you wish to surgically affirm. This is usually provided in the form of a letter from your hormone prescriber and one or two letters from behavioral health professionals.

How Plagiarism Is A Big Deal - 849 Words

The past two weeks, I had to write a persuasive essay on how plagiarism is a big deal and how I felt about it. We also had to find at least three reliable sources to provide facts and information on plagiarism to support our side. To start off, the first week was supposed to be the easy part of the essay, we had to find three reliable sources to provide support for our side in the essay. Our instructor had already given us two sources, so all we needed to find was one more from the online database the library provides for students. The next week, was the tough one, we had to compose a works cite page along with the prewriting and outline before we can start on our rough draft. After our rough draft, we would gather feedback from our peers and instructor through peer revision and writing conferences. After that, we had a few days to finalize our work and submit our final draft for grading. However, I did absolutely nothing the first week and a half, knowing what needed to be done. I p rocrastinated and held off my work until the weekend before the rough draft and final was due. I spent hours on Sunday night and Monday composing the prewriting, outline, and rough draft. I was really anxious and felt overwhelmed, because I had held off the whole entire essay that I had two weeks to do in just two days. I had never done so much in just two days and I felt I did horrible on this essay. I feel this is my worst essay of the semester, because I procrastinated to the very last days.Show MoreRelatedThe Ethical Reasons For Plagiarism1459 Words   |  6 Pages Plagiarism is the process of taking some one else work or ideas and showing it as their own works (Oxford Dictionaries). The purpose of this study is to understand 6 different ethical reasons used by student to overcome with plagiarism and with help of these ethical reason, faculties can bring a solution to stop or prevent plagiarism. Where as unethical behavior can also lead to worries in school or colleges, so there is need to correct it so that it has positive impact on organizational ethicsRead More The Problems of Plagiarism Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism is an academic misconduct in which students use someone’s ideas or information in their work without proper referencing. While western culture insists that sources of words, ideas, images, sounds be documented for academic purposes, â€Å"plagiarism is now recognized as a serious problem especially in university where students are just copying words from web sites or someone else’s work† (The Ow l At Purdue, 2007 ). According to East (2006, p.16), â€Å"many Australian universities are now developingRead MorePlagiarism By Robert J. Youmans900 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism in the Classroom Plagiarism has long since been an issue- especially in the classroom. Students try to pass off other people’s work as their own, sometimes stealing ideas, other times even entire papers. In Melissa D’Annunzio’s Ted Talk, â€Å"The Punishable Perils of Plagiarism†, she illustrates the severity of plagiarism through an animated video. In the video, there’s a fake department in charge of tracking down people who plagiarize and then throwing them in jail. By making up this scenarioRead More Plagiarism Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesPlagiarism For many, many years schools have been trying to stop students from plagiarizing materials. Detecting this plagiarism used to be easy because students only had access to books in the library, magazines, and encyclopedias. However, as the popularity of the Internet increased, so did the number of essays and papers being plagiarized. Students can easily go onto the internet and in no time at all find and essay on their topic of choice. For a certain fee they can buy the essay andRead MorePlagiarism And The Consequences Of Plagiarism1379 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper we will cover plagiarism. We will cover a brief history of plagiarism and look at the different types of plagiarism, as well as compare and contrast the different types. We will also look at who is most prone to plagiarize and why. We will also discuss the role plagiarism plays in academia and the consequences to plagiarizing. Webster’s online Dictionary defines plagiarism as â€Å"to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one s own: use (another s production) withoutRead MoreHow Plagiarism Affect Student s Life1270 Words   |  6 PagesHow Many Different Ways of Plagiarism Will Affect Student s Life Generally, plagiarizing is explained as peering other author’s opinions. It breaks the rules of conventions such as originated text and author’s thoughts. Also, plagiarizing lessens the author’s security to hold their property. So, plagiarized essay is not writer’s own possession (Nall, Gherwash, N.D). On the other hand, many students resort to misconduct. This can be resulted in punishments if they would not stop using doingRead MoreEssay about Academic Integrity - 31056 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will speak of Academic Integrity. What it means to use it correctly and the consequences when wrongfully used. I will voice my views along with the views of others on how Academic Integrity is good rule to follow to write a paper. The paper will also be speaking of the disciplinary action that will be put into place and how students have to go through steps to completing those disciplinary terms. What is Academic Integrity? What is the true meaning of Academic Integrity? Looking up the definitionRead MorePlagiarism, Research Skills and the Role of Assessment and Feedback1735 Words   |  7 Pages 4 Plagiarism 4 1.1 Definition 4 1.2 Tackling Plagiarism 4 ResearchRead More Intentional and Unintentional Plagiarism Essay1544 Words   |  7 PagesIntentional and Unintentional Plagiarism There are many problems in the college scene these days but one of the most overlooked and difficult to detect is Plagiarism. To get an idea of what plagiarism is you first have to know the definition. Webster’s Dictionary says it’s â€Å"to steal and pass off (the words or ideas of another) as one’s own: use (another’s production) without crediting the source.†[1] Which basically means you give an exact quote of someone else’s without saying it was thatRead MoreMusic: Which Cultures are Known for Plagiarism? Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pages Plagiarism is merely theft, it is the worst kind of stealing where a person takes the intellectual property/ ideas of another person and tries to pass them as his own, in other words it is simply cheating on oneself and others. Plagiarism occurs in many fields such as writing, technology, play production, architecture and many others†¦ But in this essay we are going to focus on plagiarism in music , specially that in the Arab world people are still ignorant of such kind of plagiarism, and there

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Phil 235 Paternalism Essay Free Essays

string(120) " neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician\." Paternalism in the Medical Profession Philosophy 235 EC: Biomedical Ethics â€Å"The only appropriate and realistic model of the Dr.? patient relationship is paternalism. Doctors are the medical experts; most patients have little, if any, reliable medical knowledge; implicit trust in one’s physician is essential to the healing process; and doctors have the responsibility for our health and therefore have the duty to make all the important medical decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil 235 Paternalism Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Critically assess that claim. The issue of doctor patient relationships has become more and more prevalent in our world today. It is hard to draw a clear line in deciding what the appropriate roles are of both the patient and the medical professional. The claim that the paternalistic model is the appropriate and most realistic model will be argued in this paper. This model states that the doctor is the one in complete control, making all decisions on behalf of the patient, and the patient grants the doctor this responsibility, obeying any orders. In this model, patients act as children, who are ignorant and unknowledgeable, and doctors act as parents, not only guiding the child in the right direction, but also, actually telling them what to do. Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? This model will be argued in this paper in order to critically assess whether it should be dominant in our present society. â€Å"The traditional view held by physicians themselves was that the physician is the captain of the ship, and that the patient has to follow orders. † This view has only been strongly believed since the 19th and 20th century, when medical professionals were granted almost complete control over all decision making by their patients. Before that time, going to see a doctor was perceived as a last resort, and many would ignore their doctor’s advice altogether. Over time, this view has shifted and society began to believe that physicians â€Å"knew best, and therefore had not only the right but also the duty to make the decision. † Today, less and less citizens are continuing to agree with this point of view, and instead other doctor patient relationship models have emerged and been identified by Robert Veatch: the engineering model, the priestly model, the collegial, and the contractual model. The three alternative models to the priestly (paternalistic) model have emerged from a more contemporary perspective. The engineering model states that the relationship between the two parties would be nothing more than the doctor simply presenting the patient with the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Any decision as to which route to take is left entirely up to the patient. As the textbook explains, the doctor is nothing more than an â€Å"applied scientist†, or a â€Å"plumber without any moral integrity†, since ethics and values do not come into play in this relationship. Although I do not entirely agree with this model, the responsibility is lifted off of the physician, and the patient is given freedom to decide. This would follow the argument of self-determination, as said by Dr. Ornstein. This is the belief that all people who are competent should be the ones in control of determining their own fate. Society has not always believed or relied on medical professionals. In fact â€Å"until well into the nineteenth century, the physician was seen as a figure of last resort. † They were deemed useless and even harmful. With this in mind, I wonder why in our day and age, we would rely even more on physicians than we did in the past? Today, we have the privilege of finding out almost anything we need to know within minutes via the Internet, and that is why sometimes, it is the patient that knows more than his own doctor. It is important that patients assume some level of responsibility for their own health, instead of relying on doctors, and the engineering model would display that type of behavior. That is another reason why I oppose the claim that paternalism is the ideal relationship between doctor and patient. Another alternative model identified by Robert Veatch, is the collegial model. This theory emphasizes that both parties are connected through common goals and interests, and that each acts as an independent equal. This model would suggest that the parties work together, and therefore the responsibility is divided equally amongst the patient and physician. There is collaboration here, engaging in activities, which are satisfying to both, and demonstrating an adult-adult relationship, because no one party has greater control over the other. This model goes hand in hand with the partnership model, which expresses that health care professionals and their patients act as partners or colleagues in the pursuit of the shared value of health. There is mutual participation in this model, which demonstrates that, unlike the paternalistic model, the patient can help come to a medical decision. This model stresses, â€Å"the patient uses expert help to realize his ends. † This expert help can come in many forms, and as I have previously mentioned, today society is exposed to numerous modes of gathering any type of information that is of interest. It is of course obvious that the physician has a stronger medical background and is more competent in that field, but that does not diminish the participation or contribution of the patient. With that being said, it is my opinion that the paternalistic model has clearly outgrown our culture, when there are models such as the partnership or collegial model, which are more in sync with our world today. Finally, the third alternative to the paternalistic model is the contractual model. This model is similar to paternalism, in that it questions the assumptions of equality, however it differs in that there is a â€Å"contract† between both parties, leaving each with their own dignity and moral authority. What is crucial about this model is that it does not neglect the fact that there is an obvious difference in the degree of knowledge between the patient and the physician. You read "Phil 235 Paternalism Essay" in category "Essay examples" Instead of focusing on that discrepancy, the model concentrates on the agreement between the two parties to exchange goods and services and the enforcement of that by government sanctions. In other words, this model compromises between partnership and the reality of medical care, and according to Veatch, is the only realistic way to share all responsibility, while protecting various parties in health care. For example, both parties are freely entering this contract, and therefore are both given the right to leave it, given proper notice. However, while partaking in the contract, there are duties and obligations of each, which may neglect virtues of benevolence, care and compassion, which we do see stressed in other models. Leaving aside the three alternatives to the paternalistic model, there are several other arguments, which come to surface, when critically assessing the above-mentioned claim. The first is that doctors must act like parents because patients know much less than doctors do. This emphasizes the idea that the doctor patient relationship should be one of paternalism. This argument takes into account two different prototypes. The first is the parent-infant relationship, where the parent is the doctor, taking on an active role and the infant is the patient, taking on a passive role. In this case the patient is extremely dependent on the medical professional. The second is the parent-adolescent child relationship, where the physician guides the patient in the right direction, and the patient co-operates to the degree of obeying. Both suggest that the patient has no responsibility, and that the duty and obligation of all decisions rest on the shoulders of the physician. This proposes that patients are ignorant and unknowledgeable and given the opportunity to make their own decision, they would not be able to. It is likely that doctors know more than the average member of society, however, this is not to say that they are infallible, mistakes can happen. As Professor Ornstein has stated, we cannot choose our fathers, but we can choose our doctors, and in my opinion there is no connection where the two should be related. If a patient feels they should seek out a second, third or fourth opinion, that is their own right. Unlike the ability to seek out a second, third or fourth father. We do not have this option. It is possible and even probable that doctors will differ in their views, and each may guide their patient down a different path. Although a relationship between a physician and a patient should be based on a degree of trust and loyalty, if there is any sort of uncertainty, patients should not feel the pressure of following a path they do not believe in. Getting another opinion is not disloyal or disrespectful; it is a patient’s right. Additionally, today more patients recognize that it is unfair for doctors to take complete responsibility for our welfare, as we are exposed to so much free medical information. It is my opinion that it is the patient’s duty to also act responsible for his or her own welfare. Another argument that I have come across to oppose this claim is that doctors may be experts in medical matters but there may be other factors to take into account, such as ethical issues, when making a decision. Each doctor has taken an oath, to save lives. This is their main concern, and their main goal for each patient. One must wonder, whether or not this is always ethical. As Professor Ornstein has suggested, do we save someone who as a result must live the rest of his or her life in agonizing pain? Or do we relieve them of that pain, and simply allow them to pass away? This is an ethical issue where many doctors may have opposing points of view, and may decide that their job would be to save the patient. That would be a paternalistic instinct however; medical decisions should not be purely medical all the time. There are always other factors to consider such as the medical conditions of the patient, their preferences, the quality of life and the socio economic conditions. Each, of course, is given a weight dependent on the specifics and circumstances of the case. In the case of a patient who is experiencing excruciating pain, the doctor may come to the conclusion that the best option would be to remedy that pain with medication. It is important to note, that this paternalistic act is ignoring all ethical issues and only taking medicine into account. Opposing this notion would be to consider how this medication might cloud the patient’s judgment, or recognizing the patient’s preferences prior to formulating a medical decision. Doctors might be experts in medical matters, but the other factors, which are necessary to take into consideration, deem the paternalistic view inadequate. A final argument against the paternalistic view is that physician-patient interactions are negotiations. Viewing the interactions as negotiations, is in itself opposing paternalism because the patient is given some level of autonomy to take part in the decision making process. The goal is to reach a mutual agreement. In order to do so, there are certain steps that must be followed. Firstly, the negotiation should involve adequate disclosures by both parties. This is necessary, so that values and objectives are clear, and a fair negotiation can take place. Secondly, the negotiation should be voluntary, meaning uncoerced. Neither party should feel threatened while entering into the negotiation process. And finally, the solution should be one of mutual acceptance. Of course there are occasions where negotiation is not possible, and that would be for example in the case of an emergency, when the physician needs to save the patient without negotiating beforehand. In that case, the medical professional may act in a paternalistic way, however if there is a competent patient, negotiation is possible and can often be characterized in terms of any of the above-mentioned models (parent-child, friends, partners, etc. ). The aspect that the relationship is seen as a negotiation counters the paternalistic view, in that the patient is given choice. If the patient chooses to give up his autonomy, and lay his destiny in the hands of his physician, that is his preference, unlike the paternalistic model, where that is not a choice, but the only way. The paternalistic model is not the only realistic relationship between doctor and patient. â€Å"As a normative model, paternalism tends to concentrate on care rather than respect, patients’ needs rather than their rights, and physicians’ discretion rather than patients’ autonomy or self determination. As I have mentioned previously, there are many other factors that must always be taken into consideration when dealing with a patient. Autonomy, self-determination, and respect, are surely incredibly important when dealing with a patient, and paternalism ignores those factors. The above-mentioned arguments, and alternative relationship model s, clearly oppose the claim that paternalism is the only appropriate relationship. As I had asked the questions: Should doctors really hold complete responsibility for our health? Should they be the ones to make all the important medical decisions without patients having any say? I believe the answer to both questions is quite clear, that the responsibility should be shared, and the patient, if capable, should take part in the decision making process. That being said, paternalism is not the most appropriate model and no one relationship trumps another. Instead, all must be taken into account depending on circumstance. 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Identify And Discuss The Elements Of Romanticism As Given Expression I Essay Example For Students

Identify And Discuss The Elements Of Romanticism As Given Expression I Essay n John Keats poem Lamia and William Wordsworths excerpt from The Excursion. The term romanticism is used to describe the aesthetic movement during the period from about 1776-1834. It was a revolutionary movement because it focused on ideals which in stark contrast to the Classical movement, The Enlightenment, which preceded it. More importantly however is the fact that it reflected the social climate of the period which with the development of the French Revolution was in itself revolutionary. Rationalism, empiricism, materialism and mechanism were the central were the central philosophies of The Enlightenment and was therefore a period in literature that focused on the precision of the form and content of the piece rather than its inspiration (******). In contrast, Romanticism brought the attention back to the individual. The era of reason was replaced with a new passion for mystery and the supernatural, freedom of thought and expression, an idealisation and pantheistic belief in nature, and the affirmation of the creative (and divine) powers of the imagination. Truth could be arrived at through imagination and emotional faculties rather than reason.(Kitson, 1996). Romanticism can therefore be viewed as a reaction of emotion against reason, nature against artificiality, simplicity against complexity, faith against skepticism (lecture 10/3/00). Rene Wellek beautifully and succinctly describes the spirit of Romanticism in his assertion, Imagination for the view of poetry, nature for the view of the world, and the symbol and myth for poetic style (lectures, 2000). The catchcry for the period therefore shifted from I think therefore I am (Descartes) to I imagine therefore I am human. The value placed upon expression of these notions in the works of those such as John Keats and William Wordworth, effectively marked their poetic contributions as part of the voice of the Romantic movement.